The Very Last Surrender

The Overlook

By Tom Clavin

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Almost all history textbooks and most other sources tell us that the end of the Civil War occurred when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox on April 9, 1865. Some sources contend that the war ended almost two months later, on June 2, because that was the day when General Edmund Kirby Smith, commander of Confederate forces west of the Mississippi River, surrendered his army at Galveston, Texas. The 160^th anniversary of that event is this coming Sunday.

But once again, the textbooks leave out the Native American. The very, very last Confederate field general to surrender and thus truly end the Civil War was a Cherokee.

Standhope Uwatie was born on December 12, 1806, in what is now Calhoun, Georgia, but was then part of the Cherokee Nation. His father was a full-blood Cherokee and his mother was the daughter of a white father and a Cherokee mother. As a young man he tweaked his name to Stand Watie after converting to Christianity. He started out as a journalist, working for an older brother, Elias Boudinot, who was editor the The Cherokee Phoenix, the first Native American newspaper, which published articles in both English and Cherokee.

Then there was trouble. Watie became involved in the dispute over Georgia's repressive anti-Indian laws. After gold was discovered on Cherokee lands in northern Georgia, white miners and settlers arrived. There was continuing conflict, and Congress passed the 1830 Indian Removal Act. It required that all Indians from the Southeast relocate to lands west of the Mississippi River. Two years later, Georgia confiscated most of the Cherokee land, despite federal laws to protect Native Americans from state actions. A defiant Georgia sent militia to destroy the offices and press of The Cherokee Phoenix, which had published articles against Indian removal.

Stand Watie headed to present-day Oklahoma, which was then designated Indian Territory. Those Cherokee who remained on tribal lands in the east were rounded up and forcibly removed by the U.S. government in 1838. Their journey became known as the “Trail of Tears,” which cost the lives of 4000 Cherokee. Having arrived in the territory earlier, Watie had become a land (and slave) owner and farmer.

Flash-forward to 1861: The Cherokee leader John Ross signed an alliance with the Confederate States to avoid disunity in Indian Territory. In less than a year, Ross and part of the National Council concluded that the agreement had proved disastrous. In the summer of 1862, Ross removed the tribal records to Union-held Kansas and then proceeded to Washington, D.C., to meet with President Lincoln. After Ross did not return, the role of the principal chief was given to Tom Pegg. Following the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863, Pegg called a special session of the Cherokee National Council. On February 18, 1863, it passed a resolution to emancipate all slaves within the boundaries of the Cherokee Nation.

Meanwhile, the Confederate-supporting faction of the tribe named Stand Watie as its principal chief. He also became the only Native American to rise to a brigadier-general's rank during the war. He organized a regiment of infantry which became the 1^st Cherokee Mounted Rifles.

Although he fought Union troops, Watie also led his men in fighting between factions of the Cherokee and in attacks on Cherokee civilians and farms as well as against the Creek, Seminole, and others in Indian Territory who chose to support the Union. He is noted for his role in the Battle of Pea Ridge in Arkansas when, under the overall command of General Benjamin McCullough, Watie's troops captured Union artillery positions and covered the retreat of Confederate forces from the battlefield after the Bluebellies took control.

Over time, however, support for the Confederacy among the Cherokee soldiers declined. Watie continued to lead the remnant of loyal troops. He commanded the First Indian Brigade of the Army of the Trans-Mississippi, which included three battalions of Cherokee, Seminole, and Osage infantry. These troops were based south of the Canadian River and periodically crossed the river to conduct raids in Union territory. They fought in a number of battles and skirmishes in the Indian Territory, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, and Texas. Watie's force reportedly fought in more battles west of the Mississippi River than any other unit. He took part in what is considered to be the most famous Confederate victory in Indian Territory, the Second Battle of Cabin Creek, on September 19, 1864. Union reports said that Watie's Indian cavalry "killed all the Negroes they could find,” including wounded men.

The Confederate Army put Watie in command of the Indian Division of Indian Territory in February 1865. By then, however, the Confederates were no longer able to fight in the territory effectively. On June 23, at Doaksville in the Choctaw Nation (also now Oklahoma), three weeks after General Smith surrendered, General Watie signed a cease-fire agreement with Union representatives. Thus, he was the last Confederate general still in the field to surrender, and that, technically if not officially, was the end of the Civil War.

After the war, Watie was a member of the Cherokee delegation to the Southern Treaty Commission, which renegotiated treaties with the United States. From then on, he tried to stay out of politics and rebuild his fortunes. He returned to his farm on Honey Creek, where he died on September 9, 1871. Watie was buried in the Old Ridge Cemetery, later called Polson's Cemetery, as a citizen of the Cherokee Nation.

You know I can’t resist a couple of footnote-like facts: (1) In the Clint Eastwood movie The Outlaw Josie Wales, set after the Civil War, the character of “Lone Watie” was played by Chief Dan George, who was mostly known for the film Little Big Man. (2) On June 13, 2020, following the George Floyd protests, a 1921 monument to Stand Watie and a 1913 monument to Confederate soldiers were removed from the Cherokee Capitol grounds in Tahlequah.

Tom Clavin is the author/co-author of 25 books, including, most recently, Bandit Heaven and, with Bob Drury, Throne of Grace, both published by St. Martin’s Press. To purchase copies, please go to your local bookstore or to Bookshop.org, Amazon.com, BN.com, or tomclavin.com.